
“The Korean Wave” (sometimes known as “Hallyu”) is a broad theme to describe the global popularity of South Korea’s cultural economy – from fashion and film to music and cuisine.
At the Oscars we saw the movie Parasite sweep the top awards. But it is far from being the first example of Hallyu.
A few years ago, back in 2012, Psy’s “Gangnam Style” made the world do the horse dance and proved that South Korean cultural content could go beyond East Asia and even spread to other continents. It’s spread was massively accelerated by social media, and in particular huge amounts of user generated content – people imitating Psy – on YouTube, Snapchat and more.
Today, South Korea with a population of 51 million is a cultural powerhouse with artists and cultural content shaping the zeitgeist of global culture, a great example of “soft power” influencing nations and people across continents.
Here are South Korea’s “three Bs” of the moment:
Bong Joon-ho
Bong Joon-ho and his movie “Parasite” swept the Academy Awards and snagged four Oscars, including the trophies for best film and best director. This victory followed a long list of honors, including a Golden Globe and the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival. “Parasite” is the first foreign-language film to win an Oscar for best picture in the 92 year-history of the Academy Awards. The production costs of the movie are estimated at somewhere between 13.5 billion ($11.3 million) won and 20 billion won. Bong’s movie had raked in over $200 billion from box offices in 205 countries around the world.
BTS
The seven-member boy band BTS is making K-pop history. The band has a huge fan base around the world called the BTS Army and has topped music charts in many countries including the US, the UK and Australia. This year it became the first Korean act to perform at the Grammy Awards and set a record by staying at the top of the Billboard Social 50 chart for 165 consecutive weeks.
Big Hit Entertainment said it generated record revenue of 587.9 billion won and 97.5 billion won in operating profit in 2019, double what it brought in the previous year. But the success of BTS has had an even stronger impact on the economy: The Hyundai Economic Research Institute said in 2018 that the BTS phenomenon was worth some 5.5 trillion won a year. For instance, according to Bang Si-hyuk, Big Hit Entertainment’s founder and CEO, BTS’ three-day concerts in Seoul brought 187,000 visitors to Korea, generating 100 billion won in economic value.
Baby Shark
Who knew “Baby Shark,” a Korean children’s song, would grab the attention of so many children and their parents?
First uploaded on YouTube in November 2015, “Baby Shark” went on to get 4.58 billion views. As of Feb. 17, it was YouTube’s third-most-viewed video — not too far behind Ed Sheeran’s “Shape of You.” The catchy song from Pinkfong, an education brand within Korean media startup SmartStudy, has been translated into 19 languages and is a favorite of many parents who use the song to soothe their children. It’s success isn’t limited to YouTube either. The song took over Nationals Park, the home of the Washington Nationals, last year throughout the Major League Baseball season. At the World Series, it became the team’s battle cry. In 2019, the song ranked 75th on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 chart. Backed by “Baby Shark,” the company’s sales soared from 40 billion won in 2018 to 60 billion won in 2019. In 2014, the company posted sales of 7.6 billion won. “Baby Shark” has also made a fortune for the family behind SmartStudy. Kim Min-seok, who co-founded the company in 2010, owns 23 percent of the startup, and Samsung Publishing owns another 21 percent. Kim’s family owns 63 percent of the company, according to Bloomberg.
So what’s their formula for success? Maybe we should look at their own words for a clue.
“When I was young and studying cinema there was saying that I carved deep into my heart, which is ‘the most personal, is the most creative.’ That quote was from our great Martin Scorsese,” Bong Joon-ho said in his Oscar acceptance speech.
“Emotion and music are universally shared values, but it is still important to localize some parts of the content,” SmartStudy CFO Lee Seung-gyu said Nov. 29 at K-Startup Week ComeUp 2019. “BTS also used a similar strategy. They sang in Korean but the way they communicated with global fans was localized.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dGYVKt1zw4&feature=emb_logo
Pocket-size ultrasound devices that cost 50 times less than the machines in hospitals (and connect to your phone). Virtual reality that speeds healing in rehab. Artificial intelligence that’s better than medical experts at spotting lung tumors. These are just some of the innovations now transforming medicine at a remarkable pace.
Time Magazine recently explored some of the latest ideas, inventions and innovations that are changing the world of healthcare in 2020. No one can predict the future, but it can at least be glimpsed in the dozen inventions and concepts below. Like the people behind them, they stand at the vanguard of health care. Neither exhaustive nor exclusive, the list is, rather, representative of the recasting of public health and medical science likely to come in the 2020s.
David Abney: Drone-delivered medical supplies
Since March, UPS has been conducting a trial program called Flight Forward, using autonomous drone deliveries of critical medical samples including blood or tissue between two branches of a hospital in Raleigh, N.C., located 150 yards apart. A fleet-footed runner could cover the distance almost as fast as the drones, but as a proof-of-concept program, it succeeded, and in October the FAA granted the company approval to expand to 20 hospitals around the U.S. over the next two years. “We expect UPS Flight Forward to one day be a very significant part of our company,” says UPS CEO David Abney of the service, which will deliver urine, blood and tissue samples, and medical essentials like drugs and transfusable blood. UPS is not alone in pioneering air deliveries. Wing, a division of Google’s parent company Alphabet, received similar, but more limited, FAA approval to make deliveries for both Walgreens and FedEx. And in Ghana and Rwanda, drones operated by Silicon Valley startup Zipline are already delivering medical supplies to rural villages. —Jeffrey Kluger
Christine Lemke: The biggest Big Data
There are 7.5 billion humans, and tens of millions of us track our health with wearables like smart watches, as well as with more traditional devices like blood-pressure monitors. If there were a way to aggregate all that data from even a few million of us and make it all anonymous but searchable, medical researchers would have a powerful tool for drug development, lifestyle studies and more. California-based Big Data firm Evidation has developed just such a tool, with information from 3 million volunteers providing trillions of data points. Evidation partners with drug manufacturers like Sanofi and Eli Lilly to parse that data; that work has led to dozens of peer-reviewed studies already, on subjects ranging from sleep and diet to cognitive-health patterns. For founder Christine Lemke, one of Evidation’s ongoing projects, to see if new technologies can effectively measure chronic pain, is personal: Lemke has a rare genetic disease that causes frequent back pain. Evidation is partnering with Brigham and Women’s Hospital on the project.—Jeffrey Kluger
Doug Melton: A stem-cell cure for diabetes
Type 1 diabetes affects 1.25 million Americans, but two in particular got Harvard biologist Doug Melton’s attention: his daughter Emma and son Sam. Treatment can involve a lifetime of careful eating, insulin injections and multiple daily blood-glucose tests. Melton has a different approach: using stem cells to create replacement beta cells that produce insulin. He started the work over 10 years ago, when stem-cell research was raising hopes and controversy. In 2014 he co-founded Semma Therapeutics—the name is derived from Sam and Emma—to develop the technology, and this summer it was acquired by Vertex Pharmaceuticals for $950 million. The company has created a small, implantable device that holds millions of replacement beta cells, letting glucose and insulin through but keeping immune cells out. “If it works in people as well as it does in animals, it’s possible that people will not be diabetic,” Melton says. “They will eat and drink and play like those of us who are not.”—Don Steinberg
Abasi Ene-Obong: A more diverse global bio bank
A major limitation threatens to hamper the era of personalized medicine: people of Caucasian descent are a minority in the global population yet make up nearly 80% of the subjects in human-genome research, creating blind spots in drug research. Dr. Abasi Ene-Obong, 34, founded 54gene to change that. Named for Africa’s 54 countries, the Nigeria-based startup is sourcing genetic material from volunteers across the continent, to make drug research and development more equitable. 54gene is conscious of the ugly history of colonial exploitation in Africa. If companies are going to profit by developing marketable drugs based on the DNA of African people, Africa should benefit: so, when partnering with companies, 54gene prioritizes those that commit to including African countries in marketing plans for any resulting drugs. “If we are part of the pathway for drug creation, then maybe we can also become part of the pathway to get these drugs into Africa,” Ene-Obong says.—Corinne Purtill
Sean Parker: A disruptive approach to cancer research
One of the original disrupters of the new economy is bringing his approach to medical research. The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, established by Napster co-founder and former Facebook president Sean Parker, is a network of top institutions including Memorial Sloan Kettering, Stanford, the MD Anderson Cancer Center and more. Its goal is to identify and remove obstacles to innovation in traditional research. For example, all of the participating institutes have agreed to accept an approval decision by any of their respective Institutional Review Boards, which “allows us to get major clinical trials off the ground in weeks rather than years,” says Parker, and at lower costs. Perhaps most important, Parker wants to infuse the project with his market sensibility: “We follow the discoveries coming from our researchers and then put our money behind commercializing them,” he says, either by licensing a product or spinning it out into a company. Since its founding in 2016, the institute has brought 11 projects to clinical trials and supported some 2,000 research papers.
Thomas Reardon: A wristband that can read your mind
A man wearing what looks like a chunky black wristwatch stares at a tiny digital dinosaur leaping over obstacles on a computer screen before him. The man’s hands are motionless, but he’s controlling the dinosaur—with his brain. The device on his wrist is the CTRL-kit, which detects the electrical impulses that travel from the motor neurons down the arm muscles and to the hand almost as soon as a person thinks about a particular movement. “I want machines to do what we want them to do, and I want us to not be enslaved by the machines,” says Thomas Reardon, CEO and co-founder of CTRL-Labs, the device maker. The hunched-over posture and fumbling keystrokes of the smartphone era represent “a step backward for humanity,” says Reardon, a neuroscientist who, in a past life, led the development of Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. The technology could open up new forms of rehabilitation and access for patients recovering from a stroke or amputation, as well as those with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative conditions, Reardon says.—Corinne Purtill
Jonathan Rothberg: An ultrasound in your pocket
There are more than 4 billion people globally who don’t have access to medical imaging—and could benefit from Butterfly iQ, a handheld ultrasound device. Jonathan Rothberg, a Yale genetics researcher and serial entrepreneur, figured out how to put ultrasound technology on a chip, so instead of a $100,000 machine in a hospital, it’s a $2,000 go-anywhere gadget that connects to an iPhone app. It went on sale last year to medical professionals. “Our goal is to sell to 150 countries that can pay for it. And [the Gates Foundation] is distributing it in 53 countries that can’t,” Rothberg says. The device isn’t as good as the big machines are and won’t replace them in prosperous parts of the world. But it could make scanning more routine. “There was a time when the thermometer was only used in a medical setting, when a blood-pressure cuff was only used in a medical center,” Rothberg says. “Democratizing [health] happens on multiple dimensions.”—Don Steinberg
Shravya Shetty: Cancer-diagnosing artificial intelligence
Symptoms of lung cancer usually don’t appear until its later stages, when it’s difficult to treat. Early screening of high-risk populations with CT scans can reduce the risk of dying, but it comes with risks of its own. The U.S. National Institutes of Health found that 2.5% of patients who received CT scans later endured needlessly invasive treatments—-sometimes with fatal results—after radiologists erroneously diagnosed false positives. Shravya Shetty believes artificial intelligence may be the solution. Shetty is the research lead of a Google Health team that in the past two years built an AI system that outperforms human radiologists in diagnosing lung cancer. After being trained on more than 45,000 patient CT scans, Google’s algorithm detected 5% more cancer cases and had 11% fewer false positives than a control group of six human radiologists. The early results are promising, but “there’s a pretty big gap between where things are and where they could be,” says Shetty. “It’s that potential impact that keeps me going.”—Corinne Purtill
Joanna Shields: AI to read every science paper
Every year, more than 2 million peer-reviewed research papers are published—far too many for any individual scientist to digest. Machines, however, don’t share this human limitation. BenevolentAI has created algorithms that scour research papers, clinical trial results and other sources of biomedical information in search of previously overlooked relationships between genes, drugs and disease. BenevolentAI CEO Joanna Shields was an executive at companies such as Google and Facebook, and then the U.K.’s Minister for Internet Safety and Security, before joining BenevolentAI. A frequent critic of the tech industry’s lapses in protecting young people from exploitation and abuse online, Shields sees BenevolentAI as an opportunity to harness technology’s power for good. “All of us have family members, friends who are diagnosed with diseases that have no treatment,” she says. “Unless we apply the scaling and the principles of the technology revolution to drug discovery and development, we’re not going to see a change in that outcome anytime soon.” —Corinne Purtill
Sean Slovenski: Walmart-ification of health care
Whenever the world’s biggest retailer aims its gigantic footprint at a new market, the ground shakes. In September, Walmart opened its first Health Center, a medical mall where customers can get primary care, vision tests, dental exams and root canals; lab work, X-rays and EKGs; counseling; even fitness and diet classes. The prices are affordable without insurance ($30 for an annual physical; $45 for a counseling session), and the potential is huge. In any given week, the equivalent of half of America passes through a Walmart. “When I first started here … [I] thought, That can’t be true,” says Sean Slovenski, a former Humana exec who joined Walmart last year to lead its health care push. If the concept spreads, repercussions await in every direction. Like Walmart’s merchandise suppliers, doctors and other medical pros may need to adjust to the retailer’s everyday low prices. Still, cautions Moody’s analyst Charles O’Shea: “Health care is multiple times harder than selling food.”—Don Steinberg
Charles Taylor: 3-D digital hearts
For too many people with suspected heart problems, invasive catheterization is necessary to diagnose blocked or narrowed arteries. Doctors must then choose the best method for improving blood flow from a handful of options, including balloon angioplasty and stenting. Charles Taylor, a former Stanford professor, started HeartFlow to help patients avoid invasive diagnostic procedures and improve treatment outcomes. The company’s system creates personalized 3-D models that can be rotated and zoomed into, so doctors can simulate various approaches on screens. In some cases, it can help avoid invasive procedures entirely. “By adding the HeartFlow … to our available resources for diagnosing stable coronary disease, we are able to provide patients with better care as we evaluate risk,” said Duke University cardiologist Manesh Patel, at the American College of Cardiology’s annual meeting in March. —Jeffrey Kluger
Isabel Van de Keere: Rehab in virtual reality
Isabel Van de Keere was at work one day in 2010 when a steel light fixture pulled loose from the ceiling and fell on her. The accident left Van de Keere, a Belgian-born Ph.D. in biomedical engineering, with a cervical spine injury and severe vertigo that required three years of intense neurological rehabilitation. She practiced the same tedious exercises dozens of times in a row, with progress so slow it seemed undetectable. Now 38, she’s the founder and CEO of Immersive Rehab, a London-based startup whose goal is to change the neurological-rehab experience using virtual reality. By expanding the range and type of exercises patients can try, VR creates more opportunities to harness the brain’s plasticity and repair neural pathways; increases the amount of data caregivers can use to measure progress and adapt programs; and improves the monotonous, frustrating experience of rehab. Feedback from volunteer patients and therapists has been promising; the company is now preparing to run clinical trials in the U.S. and Europe.—Corinne Purtill
In 2004, after decades of creating race-winning, record-setting running shoes, Adidas wanted to push the boundaries even further by developing a shoe that would really redefine the meaning of fast.
There was no better craftsman for the task than Japan’s legendary shoe designer Toshiaki Omori, who has helped make world-class running shoes for Adidas since 1999.
Having spent his life developing his “inside out” design philosophy, Omori believes the anatomy of the foot must always come first in the crafting process. Using molds of real feet, known as lasts, he worked to create the most perfect, streamlined fit possible – what he calls a “microfit’.
To achieve this symbiosis between foot and shoe, simplicity was essential. From the choice of materials and textiles, to the weight and cushioning of the sole, every element was carefully considered. The shoe needed a lightweight feel to maximize speed without compromising comfort. It had to be elegant, with a sock-like fit, and pace to burn. Plus, as runners know, a shoe has to look as fast as it feels.

During every step of the design journey, there was a new challenge for the team to overcome. The shoe had to be versatile and adaptable to any running conditions an athlete might encounter – kilometer repeats on the track, a 10K tempo run, treadmill interval sessions, or an ultra-marathon.
Needless to say, the design and development team had their work cut out for them. Finally, after years of careful development, it was time to introduce the world to the adizero.
It was September 2008, the night before the Berlin Marathon. In his hotel room, Ethiopian long-distance runner Haile Gebrselassie laced up the first adizero Adios prototypes. He ran up and down the hotel corridor, testing them out, feeling the responsiveness of the soles as his feet touched the ground. Impressed, he decided to wear the adizeros for the marathon.
The next day, he broke the world record in them by 29 seconds with an incredible 2.03.59 finishing time. His third consecutive win.

Since their 2008 debut, adizeros’ have collected over 150 victories in the world of elite racing. To make these wins possible, the adizero team has rigorously refined the shoe – “testing and improving with the support of athletes is fundamental in our process,” says adidas running footwear designer, Moritz Hoellmueller.
With this athlete feedback as their guide, the designers are constantly trying to harness their creativity to unlock new innovations. Each time they do, athletes are empowered to push themselves further.
Lee Ryan, current adidas Runners Dubai captain and father of two, has improved his performance along with the shoe’s evolution. In adizeros, he’s broken five world records, including fastest marathon with a double stroller. “The shoe became better over time, just as I performed better over time,” says Ryan.

Ryan couldn’t have said it better; adizeros are constantly improving alongside our athletes. Just three years after Gebrselassie’s Berlin Marathon win, Patrick Makau wore the next evolution of the shoe to beat the previous record by 21 seconds. In 2014, yet another adizero evolution broke the record when Dennis Kimetto shaved 41 seconds off Makau’s time in the adizero Adios Boost.
As more and more elite athletes started wearing and being seen in the shoes, interest in them from runners of all paces grew. adidas addressed that. Today, adizero has expanded into a range of shoes for every level. Ben Herath, a designer on the first adizero Adios, believes that “lightweight is for everyone because we all want to run fast. That was the goal, to open up speed for everyone.”
adizero has become a gateway shoe, democratizing speed for the masses. Mathilde Have, captain of adidas Runners Copenhagen, feels that wearing adizeros has reshaped her relationship with speed – “I felt faster, and that feeling made me go faster.” Like other adizero runners, the shoes made her feel more confident, allowing her to rediscover her love of running fast.

Since then there has been something of a revolution in running shoe design. The development of carbon fibre technology has enabled other brands to develop a new generation of shoes that have far greater spring-like properties, that have been claimed to improve performance by 4% or more. In a marathon that is a huge gain, whatever the level of performance.
Adidas again turned to Japanese master designer Toshiaki Omori, to find something as good, if not better.
With an all-new shape for the shoe secured, adidas then went about testing out technologies that would help runners be at their fastest and most efficient over 26.2 miles.
Another exercise in doing things ‘right’, the midsole of the adizero Pro introduces LIGHTSTRIKE for the first time on a running shoe. First debuted on the NXTLVL Basketball shoe in 2018, LIGHTSTRIKE combines energy return and stability into one of the lightest TPU foams on the market for a ride that runners will appreciate across the full distance.
Sandwiched between the LIGHSTRIKE and the sockliner is an all-new CARBITEX Carbon plate. Having been a feature of adidas shoes since the 1980’s, the newly-commissioned CARBITEX plate delivers flexibility at touchdown and a snappy toe-off for maximum propulsion and an economically guided stride.
Finishing off the new features is CELERMESH: adidas’ thinnest mesh ever, which completely locks down the foot for a fast feeling with no distractions by engineering an internal support structure within the mesh itself for lightweight lockdown. To complete the package, the iconic BOOST cushioning takes its spot in the heel to give a plush element of comfort that retains all its qualities independent of temperature, and best-in-class Continential rubber on the outsole for outstanding grip.
The adizero continues breaking records, most recently Rhonex Kipruto’s blistering 10km World Record in Valencia in January 2020. The adizero Pro will be available to everyone from May 15, 2020.

I first met Elvin Turner a decade ago in a funky, converted mill, just outside Guildford.
He was working on a project for my book publisher, Wiley, and exploring how they could improve. He clicked on the video camera and we started talking. I had lots to say. I’ve written six books published by Wiley (and the next is on its way), and it’s always been a struggle (although getting better).
We all know that the publishing industry needs a radical transformation. Innovation is urgent in everything from book formats to production, marketing and business models. Elvin was in two minds whether he dare show the video to his client. But he plucked up the courage and went back to start working with them on his project.
A decade later Elvin is a free spirit, a champion of better innovation, and has just published a great new book, with Wiley.
Make innovation more remarkable, inevitable and profitable
Be Less Zombie brings together an impressive collection of ideas and insights into a pragmatic, actionable toolkit.
“Zombie” companies cling to what kills them: obsolete and frustrating ways of working that crush innovation and drain people’s motivation. His research goes beyond the business world – a guerrilla negotiator, a cage-fighter trainer, an X-Factor coach, a senior emergency room doctor, and a fashion designer.
Elvin’s Turn It On innovation framework gives leaders and managers tools, processes and pathways to make bolder and more profitable innovation an inevitability, not an anomaly.

The book is designed for managers who need more remarkable innovation with repeatable, scalable approaches, and explores how to:
- De-risk bolder, more profitable innovation
- Make innovation a predictable and measurable capability
- Equip managers with essential tools and skills for leading innovation and transformation
- Help teams find new capacity and energy to deliver today’s business whilst discovering tomorrow’s
In this video, Elvin looks at the connection between an organisation’s ability to discover its future (and ultimately survive), and the confidence that individual employees have in being vulnerable – taking the risk of proposing new ‘crazy’ ideas that could ultimately become important, future revenue streams .
Across many industries, very few companies do this well: CEOs make a continued plea for breakthrough ideas from their employees, yet most corporate cultures inadvertently deter individuals from doing so because of the low appetite for risk and perceived personal cost of trying something new and failing. Unfortunately that only leads to incremental innovation which is not enough to survive in today’s disruptive markets.
He says the book is for:
- CEOs who need a better, more continuous pipeline of profitable innovation
- Senior leaders who need more ideas, collaboration and energy across their divisions
- Finance executives who want to resource innovation and yet measure it effectively
- Strategy, change and transformation managers charged with delivering greater organisational agility and differentiation
- HR executives who are trying to resource and equip leaders and employees with innovation capabilities
- Organisational development managers tasked with shaping more agile and innovative ways of working
- Team leaders who need to help their people find new capacity and energy to deliver bolder ideas
- Individual employees who want their managers to stop blocking their best ideas
Free download of Be Less Zombie, Chapter 1
The future of food is about authenticity, wellness and relevance – traceability of supply chains, natural and organic ingredients, convenient and well designed packaging, and fantastic, inspiring taste
The UN estimates that by 2050 global food production will have to increase by close to 70% if we want to feed the world. This poses a real conundrum: How do we feed all those people healthy diets, in ways that don’t harm the planet?
In some cases, innovators in this space are doing what was once science fiction. The outcome of these new technologies has profound implications for the human diet, the changing climate, and the global economy.
Here are some most recent examples:
- DNA Sushi … London-based conveyor belt sushi restaurant YO! Sushi collaborated with DNAfit to help diners choose dishes based on their DNA.
- Smart food … Nestlé XiaoAI, an AI family nutrition assistant, is a smart speaker equipped with nutrition and health knowledge answering questions on custom recipes, music, and nutrition
- Upcycled Beer … Kellogg’s teamed up with UK brewery Seven Brothers to convert its rejected Corn Flakes, Rice Krispies, and Coco Pops breakfast cereals into beer.
- Mood Tea … Marley Mellow Mood Peach Raspberry Relaxation Tea from the US features mood-enhancing botanicals, which are said to calm the soul and ease the mind.
- Genetic Dining … Vita Mojo was the first foodservice chain to give customers nutritional guidance based on their genetics, providing a great conversation as well as healthy eating
- Sea Farms … Floating Farm is a dairy farm in Rotterdam, Netherlands, that showcases how food production can become less vulnerable to climate change
- Indoor Farms … Bowery Parsley is grown in indoor automated vertical farms in New York City, NY promoting itself as “grown locally (in the city!) with no pesticides”
- Edible Fashion … Modern Meadow in New Jersey grows animal-free leather in their labs, indeed recent fashion shows have been full of aubergine and mushroom-based fabrics.
- Better Bling … New York City- based Couple is the first company to exclusively sell lab-grown diamond rings as an ethical alternative to real diamonds, and a lot cheaper too!
Splash out on dinner at Heston Blumenthal’s Fat Duck restaurant, and you might find an iPod accompanies your seafood risotto. Sounds of the sea enhance the perceived freshness and flavours, and can also affect our sense of sweetness and saltiness.
Caterpillars, already popular in Africa, contain 28mg of protein per 100g, more than minced beef, and add 35mg of iron too. If you’re in search of a calcium boost, try grasshoppers.
Rising food prices, the growing population and environmental concerns make food one of the big debates for governments, and interest areas for investors. Meat production takes up huge amounts of land, consume water, diverts crops from humans, and adds to carbon emissions.
Insects, perhaps rebranding as micro-protein, could become a staple of our diets – low cost, requiring little space or water. With 1500 edible species, we could soon be tucking into nutrititous crickets and grasshoppers, ground into burgers. Wasps are a delicacy in Japan.
If you still want meat, your next steak could be sourced from a test-tube. Strips of muscle tissue using stem cells taken from cows, a little like calamari to look at, are grown in a lab, and then shaped to expectation, similar to existing meat substitutes such as Quorn. Of course you could just become vegetarian, and still get a balanced diet.
Another source of improved eating, is sensory-engineering. Scientists have shown that look and smell affect how we taste. Condiment Junkie, a sonic-branding company is exploring how certain frequencies can compensate for sugar in foods, thereby improving health, as well as enhancing the whole cooking and eating experience.
However the most significant source of future food is likely to come from algae. 145 species of green, red, and brown seaweed is already eaten in huge quantities across Asia, often as a delicacy. Ground into other foods, its strong flavour can dramatically reduce the amount of salt used, for example in bread or prepared meals. Algae farming, for food as well as energy, could become the world’s largest crop industry by 2030.
However it is not just the food content that could radically change. It is also about embracing technology to deliver more personalised service and added value experiences. A great example comes from Singularity Sushi, which uses DNA analysis to ultra-personalise food, and 3D printing to produce objects of incredible beauty.
Here are 20 case studies of companies who are shaking up the world of food and drink in profound and enlightened ways, riding the consumer trends, embracing digital technologies, with incredible new experiences and profitable new business models:
- % Arabica – Asian minimalism, African coffee roastery, and Arabic meeting place
- AeroFarms – Vertical farming in a crowded world
- Basmaty – The Arabic cookery community
- Boring Life – Embracing CBD to relieve the stress and anxieties of a busy life
- Brewdog – Beer for punks, irreverent and brilliant
- Deliveroo – Food delivered as fast as a kangaroo
- Gïk Live! – Blue wine from Spain
- Graze – Snacking reinvented … fast, healthy, delivered
- Halo Top Creamery – The Healthy Ice Cream from California
- HelloFresh – Say “Hello” to easy home cooking
- Impossible Foods – Can a burger save the planet?
- Juan Valdez Café – From commodity to premium branded experience
- Kikkoman – Make haste slowly
- Mayrig – Cooking up a passion for Armenian culture
- Mikkeller – The world’s largest craft beer company
- Nespresso – The business model with an extra shot
- Ossian Vides y Vinos – Organic fusions of wines from Segovia
- Red Bull – Space jumps, air races … energy drinks and media house
- Supr Daily – Digitalised milk delivery in Mumbai
- Vinomofo – Australian wine lovers community
- Zespri – Redefining the Chinese gooseberry as the Kiwi fruit
In the past few years, food waste has been a particular sustainable action point for consumers and companies. Companies are finding new ways to reuse food waste. The Kellogg Company worked with UK- based Seven Bro7hers Brewery in 2019 to create beer made from non-standard cereal pieces. Meadow Mushrooms in New Zealand has created a container that is made from the organic waste from its mushroom stalks.
In France, Danone committed to solely using ingredients from regenerative agriculture by 2025. Unilever has a Sustainable Living Plan with three wide-reaching corporate social responsibility goals. Danone, Nestlė, Firmenich, International Flavors & Fragrances, and Sodexo are among more than 80 companies that are part of the We Mean Business climate change coalition. Ecommerce giant Amazon has founded its own Climate Pledge that commits to meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement by 2040.
In the next 10 years, consumers will be able to use easily accessible and affordable customised biological tests, data collection, and analysis to learn what makes their bodies one of a kind. The results will help consumers better understand how to address every aspect of their health, including brain and emotional health. While respecting consumer privacy, food, drink, and foodservice companies will have opportunities to develop personalised recipes, custom diet plans, and individualised products.
Consumers are learning more about the natural connections in their bodies as more research discovers how the systems in our bodies work together. In particular, improved understanding of the research into the microbiome has taught more consumers about the importance of maintaining a healthy gut/brain axis, or the connection that links the brain, digestive system, and emotions.
Download: Future of Food: 2025 to 2050 to 2169
Network effects typically account for 70% of the value of digitally-related companies.
Network effects were popularised by Robert Metcalfe, one of the co-inventors of the Ethernet and a co-founder of 3Com.
3Com created networking cards, that plugged into a computer giving it access to the Ethernet, a local network of shared resources like printers, storage and the Internet.
Metcalfe explained that whilst the cost of the network was directly proportional to the number of cards, the value of the network was proportional to the square of the number of users. Or in other words, the value was due to the connectivity between users, enabling them to work together and achieve more than they could alone.
Metcalfe’s Law
“Metcalfe’s Law” says that a network’s value is proportional to the square of the number of nodes in the network. The end nodes can be computers, servers and simply users. For example, if a network has 10 nodes, its inherent value is 100 (10×10=100). Add one more node, and the value is 121. Add another and the value jumps to 144. Non-linear, exponential, growth.
Network effects have become an essential component of a successful digital businesses. First, the Internet itself has become a facilitator for network effects. As it becomes less and less expensive to connect users on platforms, those able to attract them in mass become extremely valuable over time. Also, network effects facilitate scale. As digital businesses and platforms scale, they gain a competitive advantage, as they control more of a market. Third, network effects create a competitive advantage.
Network v linear businesses
Linear businesses gained a competitive advantage by buying assets, controlling supply chains, and driving transactions. Digital companies gain competitive advantages through building network effects, relationships and interactions.
As the network grows, it’s value multiplies. Think of a dating app. Initially a few users is very limiting, but as soon as the network grows, the opportunities to find a suitable match grow much faster. The value of the network to the user is in the number of connections possible, and for the business, the commercial value becomes the data that is generated through user to user interactions. This data can be captured and analysed, to drive more interactions between people, and becomes the real advantage.
Network effects, relationships and data, become the assets of a network-based business. They are “light” assets, typically in the form of intellectual property (compared to primarily heavy assets of linear companies), and drive “intangible” value financially.
There is a downside to network effects, in that exponentially growing networks become harder to control, coordinate or curate. The rise of unsolicited emails, fraudsters and fake news is one obvious consequence. And whilst Facebook and other networks employ huge armies of people to try to eliminate such factors, this is probably an old way of thinking. In reality it needs to leverage network-based solutions, such as peer to peer accreditation, as in the trust profiles which users give each other on platforms such as Airbnb, eBay and Uber.
Different types of network effects
As a starting point, network effects can be direct or indirect.
Direct (same-side, or symmetric) network effects happen when an increase in users directly creates more utility for all of the users, that is, a better product or service. Facebook, Tinder.
Indirect (cross-side, or assymetric) network effects happen when an increase in users indirectly create more utility for other types of users. Airbnb and Uber, where more hosts and drivers creates more utility for guests and passengers.
Different business models encourage different network effects. Dynamic pricing, for example, is used by Uber to encourage more drivers to join the network when demand is high, or more passengers when demand is low.
Many varieties of network effects emerge, depending on the types of business, each with strengths and weaknesses. NFX define a list of 13 types, where the first 5 of direct effects, the others indirect:
- Physical – infrastructure, typically utilities (eg roads, landlines, electricity)
- Protocol – a common standard for operating (eg Ethernet, Bitcoin, VHS)
- Personal Utility – built on personal identities (eg WhatsApp, Slack, WeChat)
- Personal – built on personal reputation (eg Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)
- Market Network – adds purpose and transactions (eg Houzz, AngelList)
- Marketplace – enables exchanges between buyers and sellers (eg eBay, Visa, Etsy)
- Platform – adds value to the exchange of a marketplace (eg iOS, Nintendo, Twitch)
- Asymptotic Marketplace – effect depends on scale (eg Uber, OpenTable)
- Data – data generated through use enhances utility (eg Google, Waze, IMDB)
- Tech Performance … service gets better with more users (eg BitTorrent, Skype)
- Language … a brand name defines a market or activity (eg Google, Uber, Xerox)
- Belief … network grows based on a shared belief (eg stock market, religions)
- Bandwagon … driven by social pressure of fear of missing out (eg Apple, Slack)
Apple to Facebook, Trulia to Uber
Most iPhone apps rely heavily on the existence of strong network effects. This enables the software to grow in popularity very quickly and spread to a large userbase with very limited marketing needed. The Freemium business model has evolved to take advantage of these network effects by releasing a free version that will not limit the adoption or any users and then charge for “premium” features as the primary source of revenue.
eBay would not be a particularly useful site if auctions were not competitive. As the number of users grows on eBay, auctions grow more competitive, pushing up the prices of bids on items. This makes it more worthwhile to sell on eBay and brings more sellers onto eBay, which drives prices down again as this increases supply, while bringing more people onto eBay because there are more things being sold that people want. Essentially, as the number of users of eBay grows, prices fall and supply increases, and more and more people find the site to be useful.
Stock exchanges feature a network effect. Market liquidity is a major determinant of transaction cost in the sale or purchase of a stock, as a bid–ask spread exists between the price at which a purchase can be done versus the price at which the sale of the same security can be done. As the number of buyers and sellers on an exchange increases, liquidity increases, and transaction costs decrease. This then attracts a larger number of buyers and sellers to the exchange.
Are you ready to lead the future?
The Global Advanced Management Program (Global AMP) is IE Business School’s flagship program for executives stepping up to lead the future of business.
It’s for leaders who are stepping up to become the next CEO, or maybe to join the C-suite, to run a business unit, or getting ready to do so. It’s for leaders who seek to be re-inspired, re-energised ready for an incredible future – to drive business-wide transformation, to reimagine their industry, to change the way their entire business and market works.
It’s for ambitious leaders, game changers, future makers.
If you can see yourself leading your business into the future … if you can start to imagine a business of the future, beyond that currently imagined by your leaders and peers. … then this is for you.
If you are intensely curious, positively dissatisfied, and highly ambitious … and have the courage to take on the next step, not just for you, but for your business too … then this is for you.
Our goal is to create the world’s best program for leaders like you … making sense of today’s incredible, complex and fast-changing world … and how you can have the brains and boldness to create, shape and deliver the future in your own vision.
Each year we take on a small group of 20-30 leaders and work together to help you transform your future. In the last two years, we have brought together some fantastic participants from all over the world, and many different sectors, ready to step up and shape their business, to lead their futures. They have gone on to thrive in their own worlds, and are still part of the Global AMP community. You can join them.
Step up to lead the post-pandemic future
The Global AMP is more relevant than ever, as the global Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted every market and business, demanding that leaders step up to think and act in new ways. As people around the world have shifted to digital technologies at home and work, we are likely to see an acceleration in new ways of working, new types of business, and new leaders.
The pandemic has acting as a catalyst for innovation, not just to survive through crisis and uncertainty, but to adapt to a rapidly changing world. Indeed it is no surprise that 57% of companies are founded in a downturn, and most innovations are born out of crisis too. Now, more than ever is the time when business needs leaders with new mindsets, new skills, and who can combine advanced learning with simultaneous business transformation.
Liquid format
To make the Global AMP even more accessible, practical, and applied to the changing needs of you and your business, we have enhanced the format. It will now take on a much more “liquid” learning structure, so that you can continue to work, and accelerate your leadership development, during these uncertain yet important times. The program will combine online and physical formats over a longer period, enabling you to learn more, apply more, and get more practical value from the experience.

Topical, practical content
The content is entirely updated, anticipating the changing needs of business and its people as we emerge from the recent Covid-19 crisis, and through the next decade – from the megatrends that drive global markets and intelligent technologies, to the convergence of markets and emergence of new business models, new ways of working and the challenges of leading for today, and tomorrow.
We look to the companies who are shaping the world right now – from Alibaba and Aerofarms, to Babylon and Bytedance. We will learn from many different sectors – from the rapidly changing world of healthcare and finance, fashion and retail, manufacturing and technology. How are they being shaped by AI and digital platforms, by 3D printing and ecosystems, emerging markets and new consumer agendas?
Transforming your business, transforming yourself
The program takes on a more dynamic learning style, helping your to explore how to transform yourself and your business, for a world of rapid and continuous change.
We’ve structured the four weeks into a practical yet exciting journey through the world of business – starting from the future megatrends to today’s growth drivers, exploring a world of disruptive innovations and energising organisations. In the mornings we zig, we explore all the best new ideas business, what matters for business. In the afternoon we zag. We shift venue – to a more relaxed venue – to reflect on the personal leadership challenges. What does it mean for me, my business and our future?
Deep dives, visiting some of the world’s leading businesses
Markets change so fast, that the ideas and insights of the text books rarely keep pace with reality. For that reason, we get real – taking you on a deep dive into four of the world’s most interesting businesses, one day each week.
We take you to the future of fashion, at Inditex’s innovative fast factory, to the future of banking, at BBVA’s innovation lab, to the future of manufacturing, with Airbus Industries, and the future of consumer goods, to an amazingly good vineyard!
Gamechanger project
In addition to exploring the very latest business ideas and theories, the program is highly personalised in two ways – coaching and project work. The “gamechanger” project is your opportunity to develop your own blueprint for transforming the future of your business, or a new business of your own.
You work one to one with the Academic Director in exploring and defining a new vision which you can take back, share with your business colleagues, and implement over time. It is supported by a Gamechanger Toolkit, and works alongside all modules, applying the learning to your own business, and future potential.
Personal coaching
The one to one leadership coaching program helps you to make sense of your own strengths and style, and coaches work with you to develop this, to respond to the new needs, and to prepare to step up to business leadership. It starts with an in-depth diagnostic of your leadership attitudes and behaviours, and then your coach works with you over time, independent from the rest of the program, as this is specifically about you.
Detailed structure
Modules 1 and 3 will be online, built around a 4 hour session each Friday for 10 weeks. During these sessions we will bring together the best ideas from around the business world, with expert faculty, and also take you on “deep dives” into what is happening right now in some of the world’s leading businesses.
Modules 2 and 4 will be residential, one week in Segovia, a world heritage site in Spain, and one week in the capital, Madrid. These weeks will also feature leading faculty brought together from around the world, and also enable more time for group networking and collaboration with colleagues who typically come from many different industries and every part of the world. Week 4 concludes with your graduation at IE Business School.
Start dates
There are two alternative start dates – September 2020 or January 2021 (for the online module 1), and both groups will then merge together in March 2021 (for the residential module 2, and all subsequent modules). This gives you the option of starting at a more gradual pace this year, or waiting until the new year, when we all hope to return to less unusual times).
We are really excited by this new format, and also by all the enhanced content for the program. There never has been a more urgent or important time for leaders to step up, to make sense of a changing world, and prepare to create a better future.
Delivered by some of the world’s top business leaders and thinkers
We bring together the world’s most inspiring and thoughtful faculty. This year it additionally includes
- Jim Hagemann Snabe, chairman of Siemens and Maersk, author of Dreams and Details, one of the world’s top leaders.
- Tendayi Viki, a psychologist-based innovator, author of Pirates in the Navy, and partner of Strategyzer
- Antonio Nieto-Rodriguez , GSK’s top project manager, and author of The Project Revolution
- Mark Fritz, expert in leading change, author of Lead and Influence, having worked on four continents for Kodak
- Verónica Reyero, human anthropologist exploring a more human future, and founder of Anthropologia 2.0
- Mark Thomas, social economist, founder of 99% Organisation, fighting for social equality.
- Rob-Jan de Jong, author of Anticipate, professor at Wharton Business School, and expert on leading the future
- Mikael Trolle, former national coach of Denmark’s Volleyball team, and coach to many business leaders
They add to the existing IE Business School team that includes
- Peter Fisk, academic director of the Global AMP, bestselling author of Gamechangers, and the new book Business Recoded, Thinkers50 Global Director
- Mark Esposito, technology futurist and AI pioneer, founder of Nexus FrontierTech, and faculty at Harvard Business School
- Terence Tse, co-author of the AI Republic, expert on the future of finance and healthcare, and co-chair of the Start-Up Lab
- Mia de Kuijper, Senior VP Strategic Advisor at Saleforce, and Executive in Residence at Harvard Innovation Labs
- Juan Carlos Pastor, professor of leadership at IE Business School, leading on authentic leadership
- Marcos Cajina, founder of Renewal, a specialist leadership company that focuses on the neuroscience of emotional engagement
- Steven MacGregor, author of Chief Wellbeing Officer, founder of the Leadership Academy of Barcelona, expert on executive performance.
Global participants
Importantly, the Global AMP brings together a great mix of participants from across sectors and around the world, enhancing your personal network, and learning experience for everyone.
Examples of recent participants include:
- Finance, Head of Investment Banking, Portugal
- Technology, Regional Marketing Leader, Egypt
- Healthcare, Head of Clinical Development, Japan
- Drinks, Supply Chain Director, Mexico
- Airlines, Head of Network Development, UAE
- Technology, Customer Service Director, Mexico
- Energy, Corporate Strategy Director, Spain
- Mining, Innovation Director, South Africa
- Real Estate, Founder and CEO, Portugal
- Sustainable Investment Fund, CEO, France
- Healthcare, Senior Medical Advisor, USA
- Technology, Entrepreneur, Saudi Arabia
- Manufacturing, CEO and Chairman, Turkey
- NGO, Founder and Director, Kenya
All participants then join the exclusive Global AMP alumni network, including regular networking and ongoing resources.
Idea Starters
Here are a few tasters of the expert faculty and their big ideas …
Jim Hagemann Snabe … one of the world’s top business leaders, on Dreams and Details:
Module 1: Future Lab
Making sense of change, exploring megatrends and their implications for business, today and tomorrow, and making better choices for your future direction, are all essential to successful leadership. The rise of emerging markets, new technologies and next-generation audiences is accompanied by the increasing scarcity of resources, social fragmentation and climate change. The Fourth Industrial Revolution heralds a new era for business and society, from digitalization and automation to 3D printing, machine learning, artificial intelligence and robotics.
- Rocket ships: How will you lead the future, shape it in your own vision, and take your business on an uncertain journey towards a better tomorrow?
- Exponential technologies: Harnessing the potential of new capabilities, from digital and big data to biotech and nanotech as well as AI and robotics.
- Resource scarcity: Changing sources of energy, the peak of rare metals, high-tech components, patented technologies, talent and creativity.
- Human impacts: Rethinking work, education and employment, aging and healthcare, urbanization and belonging, wealth and happiness.
- Future shaping: Making sense of change and making better choices. Harnessing the value drivers and using scenario planning to shape the future you want.
Mark Esposito … the Canadian futurist explores the future as it unfolds:
Module 2: Growth Lab
Markets are complex, competitive and dynamic. New markets emerge, and old markets decline, as new audiences, new aspirations and new possibilities drive new growth. Focusing on the best opportunities for growth becomes key to your future, and reimagining how your business can embrace them profitably. Digital markets have no limits, and allow even the smallest businesses to have a huge impact, while accelerating the convergence of sectors and businesses.– so what is your purpose, that will guide you through the future horizons of growth?
- Growth markets: Exploring the changing the nature of markets. Creating new spaces based on new customers and solutions, driving your growth horizons.
- Inspiring purpose: Finding your north star, why your business exists, and how putting purpose beyond profit, can transform your activities and success.
- Customer futures: Understanding the changing aspirations and behaviours of customers, with deeper insight to understand and engage them better.
- Platform markets: Harnessing the power of digital networks to create new market models that bring buyers and sellers together in new ways, creating new value.
- Growth accelerators: Consumer data, digital network, and new business models enable you to accelerate every aspect of business, and your future growth.
Tendayi Viki … the psychologist innovator creates the invincible company:
Module 3: Creative Lab
Disruption is everywhere, whether it’s a start-up challenging established giants, new technologies replacing inefficient processes, simplicity outperforming complexity or customers challenging businesses to do better. The impact can be dramatic. Reputations can be made and destroyed in a matter of days, while veteran companies are wiped off the map. How can you turn the tables and become the disrupter by developing insights, ideas, innovative strategies and business models that can be delivered quickly and efficiently?
- Faster innovation: Transforming ideas into new solutions, strategies into action, embracing disruptive change, to reimagine your future business.
- Creative designs: Harnessing the power of creativity, fused with deep insight, to design better solutions – products and services, experiences and business.
- Sustainable innovation: Innovating to solve the biggest social and environmental challenges, in a way that is good for the world, and more profitable too.
- Business Models: Rethinking how organisations work to deliver innovative propositions, leveraging assets and partners to create new ways of working.
- Invincible companies: Bringing together your innovation portfolio as a source of relentless progress and profitable growth for your business.
Antonio Nieto-Rodriguez … the world’s top project manager on leading transformation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3peGiQvnxw
Module 4: Action Lab
Organisations thrive on an inspiring purpose, aligned business model, innovation inside and outside, driving change and high performance. They constantly drive change and transformation, working through projects to create seize new opportunities. People are energised by a positive culture, harnessing the best talents of man and machine, with the agility to continually adapt and respond to changing markets, develop new capabilities and partnerships, and reach new heights. How can you transform, mobilise and energise your organization with a strategy to deliver the best performance today, and create an even better future?
- Winning strategies: Defining the right direction and priorities, guided by an inspiring purpose, and harnessing the drivers of value.
- Driving change: Making better, more strategic decisions every day, turning strategy into implementation, while using the right metrics and rewards, to drive transformation and performance.
- Fast and agile: Shaping organisations and processes to be agile and efficient, leveraging strengths and addressing weaknesses both internally and externally.
- Energising people: Mobilising employees to think and deliver strategy innovatively and profitably, unlocking the power of teams and humanity in a positive culture.
- Sustaining impact: Ensuring that the organisation has the capacity to renew and adapt to deliver shared value in the short and long term.
Verónica Reyero … the modern anthropologist, exploring better human futures:
Module 5: Amplified Leadership
The best leaders amplify the potential of their teams and their business. By developing an effective leadership style, they can inspire, engage, connect and support to drive long-term direction and meet short-term goals. Leaders of the future will drive change in a way that unlocks talent and performance, constantly reinventing organisations. How will you lead yourself, your team and your business towards a better future, one that combines purpose with passion, profit and progress? This module is interspersed across the whole program, in order to connect with the many different business topics.
- Great leaders: Business are obsessed with leadership, but how do leaders really add value, engage people effectively and deliver better results?
- Authentic organizations: From corporate to personal reputations, how do you build trust and authenticity inside and outside the business?
- Talent beacons: How to attract, engage and retain the best people in an ideas-driven world – to nurture, motivate, and inspire them to create the future.
- High performance: Improving your personal and business wellbeing to drive high performance, physically and mentally, agile and resilient, with a winning mindset.
- Leadership style: Why should you be the leader? What do you have that will take your company further? And why will anyone want to be led by you?
Terence Tse … AI driving the future of business:
Mia de Kuijper … Leading the Change … Explore the power nodes:
Steven MacGregor … why you need a Chief Wellbeing Officer:
Download the new Global AMP Brochure
or Contact Marta Gibert on +34 915 689 783
I spend my life writing and speaking – writing books on business, and speaking at hundreds of conferences, workshops and seminars, each year.
The most important technique I have ever learnt in business, came in a one-day course at Sundridge Park back in 1997. I was a young consultant, and my firm wanted everybody to spend one day learning this technique. It was based on Barbara Minto’s Pyramid Thinking, and whilst the technique could get quite complex, it boiled down to a simple approach based on thinking from your audience’s perspective – SCQA – situation, complication, question and answer.
I still use the technique today. Every time I write an article, a letter to a client, a chapter of a book, a keynote speech, I think about my audience – what’s their current situation, what’s their big complication, what’s the question I want them to ask themselves, and what’s the answer I want them to consider. SCQA. And of course, if I plan the flow, I can shape the question, and then the answer, which I want them to consider. Great for selling, but also for ensuring that my key message is relevant and right.
SCQA is just one framework.
I’m intrigued by how others do it. Look, for example, at what made some of the great TED talks great. Sir Ken Robinson’s ,“How Schools Kill Creativity”, or the story of a little girl whose genius was unrecognized in school until she was allow do dance, and ultimately became a prima-ballerina. Also I remember Amy Cuddy’s “Body Language” talk on how commanding her body language changed her career.
And who can forget Steve Jobs announcement of the iPhone?
Presentations can be incredibly persuasive, and particularly in business, whether for closing candidates, pitching investors to fund raise, interviewing with the press and so on, they can materially impact the course of a startup.
But it’s really hard to tell a good story. Most of us have never studied the craft of constructing a story: how to draw the arc of the storyline, how to elicit emotions with dramatic tension, or how to entice the audience into conspiring with us in the plot.
A common framework is the Hero’s Journey, also known as the Audience’s Journey:

A popular form of structure derived from Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth from his book The Hero With A Thousand Faces and adapted by Christopher Vogler is the Twelve Stage Hero’s Journey. This is essentially a more detailed Character Arc for your story’s hero which is overlayed onto the more traditional three-act structure that many successful Hollywood movies such as Star Wars and The Wizard of Oz when analyzed appear to follow.
The best book I’ve found on building compelling presentations is Nancy Duarte’ Resonate. In Resonate, Nancy explains the three different key components of memorable, effective pitches: the journey the speaker would like the audience to traverse, the framework for creating a good story, and the mechanism to bring the two together.

Duarte argues a successful presenter convinces the audience to believe in a new idea. To achieve this goal, the presenter must deliver a compelling story that paints the ordinary world of today and contrasts it with the special world of the future.
The presenter must call the audience to embark on the adventure, handle their immediate objections to this invitation, and then establish the presenter as the mentor through the process. Those are the first four steps of the Audience’s Journey. The diagram above shows the remainder of the twelve steps through which a great presenter leads her audience.
If this feels familiar, it should. This journey forms the arc of every great story. To prove the point, Duarte created a diagram of the audience’s journey with Luke Skywalker in Star Wars and the book has many similar examples.

Next, the book introduces us to the story template, which is a MadLibs-style fill-in-the-blank for crafting the arc of the story. This template follows the Situation, Complication, Question and Answer philosophy and demands simplification of the storyline. As Duarte writes in her book, complexity kills presentations.

Last, Duarte combines synthesizes the output of these two frameworks into a spark line, like the one above for the iPhone announcement by Steve Jobs.
Time is demarcated along the x-axis. Along the y-axis, the spark line shows whether the presenter is talking about the present or the future. Along the bottom, Duarte has noted when the audience claps and laughs, and when Jobs marvels at his own product. The relationship between these four time series shows how well Jobs is able to convince the audience to see his vision and share his wonder for this product. Spark lines can be great planning tools as well as great feedback loops to improve presentations.
Great pitches oscillate between between what is and what could be. Duarte shares similar spark lines for Richard Feynman, physicist extraordinaire, and his lecture on gravity, and Benjamin Zander, conductor of the Boston Philharmonic and his TED talk on music, among others. In her book, Duarte dissects other great speeches including Martin Luther King’s “I Have A Dream” and Ronald Reagan’s Challenger Disaster announcement. The best presenters contrast the present and the future throughout the presentation and when down successfully, this seesawing drives the audience t o believe the presenter’s vision.
The technological revolution affects everyone and everything, it is transforming the worlds of education and healthcare, agriculture and hospitality, as well as the more obvious communications and entertainment, retail and finance.
Once technology could be left too technologists. Now, despite its enormous complexity and intimidating language, it is a core topic for every business leader.
What is important, is to understand the capabilities of these new forces, and their opportunities and potential impacts. MIT defines seven technological areas that will have most impact on our futures:
- Pervasive computing
- Wireless mesh networks
- Biotechnology
- 3D printing
- Machine learning
- Nanotechnology
- Robotics
These technologies unlock a world beyond our traditional boundaries, of how we see markets and businesses today, and even beyond our previously imagined possibilities.
I often say that we will see more change in the next 10 years than the last 250 years. That might seem like an easy thing to say. Another puff of futuristic hype. But think about previous revolutions:
- First Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): mechanised spinning of textiles, large-scale manufacturing, steam power, and iron-making
- Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1940): railways, the telephone, electricity and other utilities
- Scientific Revolution (1940-1970): radio, aviation, and nuclear fission
- Information Revolution (1985-present): the internet and digital media and devices
Revolutions are typically mapped out by S curves, as a new paradigm slowly takes hold, rapidly grows, and then matures. At the centre of each S curve, the point of maximum acceleration is an inflection point. The tipping point when the new paradigm becomes the new normal.
In each instance, the inflection point that marked the new revolution was the appearance of new technologies that fundamentally reshaped key aspects of the world, from manufacturing to medicine, society and the environment.
Technological Revolution
Our current technological revolution is right at those inflection points right now. Each of the 7 technologies exhibit three distinctive and rapidly evolving capabilities that are significantly different, more advanced, and larger in scope than the technologies of past revolutions:
- Intelligent … New technologies are intelligent, with the ability to sense or predict an environment or situation and act on that knowledge. This extends far beyond knowing facts or rote learning; it is the ability to “make sense” of things.
- Integrated … They connect with humanity, with the ability to align with the actions, traits, and intuitive schemes of humans, as well as the physics of nature. They embrace voice, gestures. They augment, or enhance human capabilities.
- Immersed … They are everywhere, with the ability to be omnipresent in previously discrete transactions, objects, machines, and people. These technologies can be embedded within everyday objects and surroundings.
Each technology is powerful in its own right, yet together they are transformative to a degree which is difficult to comprehend. Their combination will give rise to new classes of super technologies, that will transform business in ways we have not yet imagined, to connect activities and immerse in our lives in ways that break old our established boundaries and rules, and to solve problems – including the biggest social and environmental challenges – in new and profound ways.
The 7 Technologies
Here, building on futures and technology research by IFTF and WEF, plus MIT and Stanford, and many others, are the 7 technologies and some insights into their power and potential:
Pervasive Computing … embedded, proactive, networked
Pervasive, or ubiquitous, computing delivers information, media, context, and processing power to everyone, wherever we are. It is characterised by vast networks of connected microprocessors embedded in everyday objects.
The way information is shared across these devices is very different from the way it has been shared in the past. In contrast to data being recorded and updated in private, centralized databases, data is now embedded and continually reconciled in public networks. This makes it more difficult to corrupt data, and it has vast implications for workflow, commerce, and financial systems. Witness blockchains. It drive the internet of things (IoT), but it is more accurate to think of it as the engine of the internet of everything.
It is reforging established chains of business logic. It supports the creation of products with a strong informational component that can engage and be shaped by customers.
Example: VitalConnect’s VitalPatch MD is a biosensor worn on the forearm. It has three electrocardiogram electrodes that detect and record the wearer’s heart rate, temperature, breathing, and movements. This data is delivered in real time to the servers, computers, and mobile devices of health care professionals.
Wireless Mesh Networks … high-bandwidth, dynamic, smart connectivity
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are ad hoc loops of wireless connectivity in which only one device requires an internet connection. These are smart networks of wireless devices that can form, disperse, and re-form at the user’s command. Because WMNs are created from the bottom up by connections between devices (versus top-down, inflexible network infrastructures), their self-forming — and self-healing — capabilities ensure robust and reliable communication anywhere, at low cost and without fixed infrastructure.
For 20 years, the structure of connectivity has been based on a hub-and-spoke mentality in which devices connect through fixed points and are governed by the web’s protocol. Now, devices can form their own networks off the grid. Thus, WMNs open a new frontier of high bandwidth and more efficient collaboration in processes that involve any sort of coordination between machines, people, enterprises, and products.
Example: WMN-equipped vehicles, drones, and devices will extend our geographic reach, increase access to information content, and expand business capabilities far beyond current network technologies. Already, Toyota Land Cruisers have been successfully used as WMN nodes to provide dynamic network capabilities in dense cities, as well as in Australia’s vast Outback.
Biotechnology … enhanced life-forms and systems
Biotech is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Humans have been bioengineers for thousands of years, ever since we first planted and crossbred crops. Today, advances in digital technology, genetic engineering, informatics, cell technology, and chemical sciences are greatly expanding the boundaries of biotechnology.
The continuing development of the CRISPR-Cas system is a notable example. It enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit genes, bringing us closer to the day when Huntington’s, sickle cell, breast cancer, and many other genetic diseases can be treated before they attack the people who carry them within their DNA. The notion of engineering living cells and the emergence of the life sciences industry will radically change the boundaries of health care, agriculture, and chemicals.
Example: Biotech is the basis for a new form of authentication: bio-identification, also known as biometrics. Rather than keys, passwords, credit cards, and codes, biomarkers such as retinas, fingerprints, and voice are the new gateway to information access and commerce. As bio-identification continues to evolve, other unique biomarkers such as our ears, nose, body odor, and even the patterns of our veins will provide (or withhold) access to everything from automobiles to electronic devices.
3D Printing … digitally designed, chemically manufactured
3D printing is a revolution built on chemistry that is being amplified by continually evolving capabilities in digital and machine technologies. Also referred to as additive manufacturing, 3D printing transforms a digital blueprint of an object into a physical finished good. For example, rather than ordering a part from a supplier, 3D printing enables us to retrieve a digital rendering of the part and make it. It also enables us to create a digital rendering of a newly conceived product and immediately manufacture it in almost any material. 3D printing is manufacturing on demand, on the spot.
3D printing upends the assumptions on which manufacturing is based. As the digitization of product designs, availability of 3D printers, and emergence of intermediaries accelerate, executives will rethink how their companies design and manufacture products and will reshape — or completely reimagine — their current supply chains and distribution systems.
Example: Customers will become intimately involved in product design and finished goods manufacturing. Value will shift from finished goods to the digital representations of goods. As the barriers to reaching production scale melt away, a flood of new entrepreneurial opportunities will become available to inventors and innovators, and the plants and machinery needed to manufacture goods will become unnecessary.
Machine Learning … augmented, automated data analysis
Machine learning covers a broad context of technologies and capabilities. Some scientists approach the domain purely from a perspective of computer programs that “learn.” A related perspective encompasses computer-based pattern recognition, statistical modeling, and analytics for decision-making. A third, and more holistic perspective, combines computer algorithms, statistical patterns, and artificial intelligence. Today, there are three principle technologies that when bundled together unlock key aspects of each perspective: cloud computing, big data, and artificial (augmented) intelligence (AI).
- Cloud computing is the on-demand access to computing resources, including software applications, storage, network, and other services. The advent of the cloud signaled the separation of storage and processing from the device, thereby creating ubiquitous access to software and data. It also gave rise to creative forms of collaboration (witness Pokémon Go).
- Big data is the generation and collection of massive amounts of structured and unstructured data in the search for new insights and new responses to challenges that organizations and decision-makers face.
- AI is the programming and algorithms that allow digital devices to access, combine, and share data to learn, explain, and forecast events, processes, and trends.
Example: Businesses have used data to build profiles of buying habits, prices, and other retail contexts to better target products to consumers. For example, data from store loyalty programs and credit card purchases are now used to anticipate shoppers’ needs ahead of time. In the grocery industry, data analytics are used to determine how often shoppers buy milk, condiments, or other products, and then send each household coupons based on specific purchasing habits. Across many industries, this has led to methods of product and service design that are less linear and more focused on the dynamic aspects of supply and demand, as well as the dynamic nature of customer experiences and outcomes.
Nanotechnology … engineered, super-materials
Nanotechnology, which encompasses molecular engineering, is a new and radical engineering science that is designing and manufacturing incredibly small circuits and devices that are built at the molecular level of matter, typically 1 to 100 nanometers. To put this in perspective, there are 25.4 million nanometers in 1 inch.
Dry-fit clothing, drug delivery patches, water-repellent shoes, and antibacterial bandages are all consumer product applications of nanotechnology. As we slip into our odor-repelling nano-silver socks, molecular engineers are pioneering new ways and new tools to see and manipulate the atoms that make up food we eat, the clothes we wear, the places we dwell, and even the air we breathe.
Example: Nanotechnology will support the development of molecular structures that replicate living cells. These molecular structures will be the foundation for the regeneration or replacement of body parts that are currently lost to infection, accident, or disease.
Robots … precise, agile, intelligent
Robotics is the design and development of mechanical systems (a frame, electrical components, and code) that can operate autonomously or semi-autonomously. Robotics isn’t a new technology in and of itself, and if the technology were relegated to performing narrow ranges of repetitive tasks, it wouldn’t merit our attention. But in the past decade, robotics has undergone a radical transformation driven by three traits:
- Precision: the ability to accomplish extremely exacting and detailed tasks accurately.
- Agility: the ability to accomplish a variety of tasks quickly and easily.
- Intelligence: the ability to acquire and apply new knowledge and skills.
Example: in healthcare, robotics is revolutionizing surgery. The Da Vinci Surgical System allows physicians to translate their hand movements into precise movements of small instruments inside the patient’s body. A high-definition, 3D vision system and tiny-wristed instruments provide surgeons with enhanced visualization, greater dexterity, as well as greater precision and ergonomic comfort. For the patient, a da Vinci procedure may offer all the potential benefits of a minimally invasive procedure, including less pain and blood loss
10 years ago this week, Astro Teller was asked by Google’s Larry Page and Sergey Brin to run a great experiment. To build a “moonshot factory”. They called it “X”.
Astro (his real name is Eric but his friends thought his spiky hair reminded them of astroturf) was born in Cambridge, England then grew up just outside Chicago, Illinois. He had great pedigree, his grandparents include French economist and mathematician Gérard Debreu and Hungarian-born American theoretical physicist Edward Teller.
Astro followed a similar path, studying computer science at Stanford, and then gained a PhD in AI. He wrote a novel, Exegesis, when he was 27 about an AI program that develops consciousness and will and begins to correspond with its creator. His early career saw him co-found BodyMedia, a maker of wearable devices that measure sleep, perspiration and calories burned.
At X, he became known as Captain of Moonshots. This is Astro’s story of a decade of moonshots.

So, why build a Moonshot Factory?
In 2010 he was recruited by Google to create “something far beyond an innovation lab” ideas were initially fuzzy as what X was going to do, but they knew they wanted to create an organisation that could invent and launch breakthrough technologies that would make the world a radically better place.
They also recognised that X could play an important role in Google’s future development, reaching beyond its core search engine business and beating what many called the innovator’s dilemma, to create the future business whilst still focused on today’s.
Teller was motivated to create an organisation that could repeatedly generate breakthrough innovations filled with hyper-creative people and weird, out-there thinking. He says “humanity is choosing to keep much of its potential off the table, underemployed, and under-utilised. Many people go to work at jobs that aren’t designed to be fulfilling, and many more don’t get the chance to contribute at all.”
“Meanwhile, many powerful organisations are forced to focus on their own profitability and short term goals at the expense of everything else, leaving the status quo intact, or at best only making the world incrementally better. Yet the massive problems facing us this century need the widest array of minds, the wildest imaginations, and enormous commitments of time, resources, and attention.”
X itself is a prototype solution to this need. In particular Teller hopes to prove that “good for the world” can be financially rewarding, so that more organisations are inspired to operate like this.
Searching for radical creativity with real impact has not been easy. He says “what I’ve come to realise is that our main cultural battle is against fear and the strong gravitational pull toward conventional ways of thinking and behaving. All of us have been conditioned for years not to fail, not to be vulnerable, and to minimise risk.”
Teller says that 7 big lessons have emerged:
#1 Stop thinking you can predict the future. Nobody is much better than random at knowing what businesses and products will succeed in the long run. Instead, try audacious things and figure out as quickly as you can when you’re wrong. Sometimes it takes dozens of iterations; one team at X is working on improving how people hear, and they explored 35 different ideas before they found the one we’re going to pour fuel on.
#2 Take a long term view — it changes everything. Work on hard problems whose answers are 5–10 years over the horizon. This gives space to explore and experiment and learn more deeply. Taking the long view also enables us to think through the implications not just the applications of what we’re building. Take, for example, the self-driving car concept, which could easily have been trivialised as a smart driving app, but instead become something more profound.
#3 Carve out space for creative and weird souls. Willy Wonka had to build a chocolate factory to house the Oompa Loompas, because they struggled to survive in the wild. And innovators and dreamers often can’t thrive in typical organizations. Their constant “what ifs” and “why does it have to be this ways” can be irritating for organizations trying to lock in an execution plan and meet quarterly targets.
#4 Dream like a child, test like a grownup. You can get way further than you think just by being optimistic enough to try. You’d be surprised how many people find motivation and joy in a ridiculously hard problem, especially if it has a magical-sounding solution. This is why we’ve often said that 10X can actually be easier than 10%. Before it seemed possible, teams at X believed in self-flying delivery drones, and now they are becoming real.
#5 Look for holy s**t moments — they can get you further than clear objectives. Most projects don’t have quantified goals because they want to be free to find the intriguing paths that lead to the biggest surprises. But it’s hard to resist the allure of a clear milestone because humans dislike uncertainty. To counteract this, teams are asked to try a bunch of experiments and come back when they’ve found something that makes everyone say “holy s**t.”
#6 Cultivate the ability to be passionately dispassionate. While nobody can predict the future, X is trying to invent it efficiently, to maximize the impact of our effort and resources. So it’s absolutely necessary to be intellectually honest and kill things that are pretty good (even loved) in order move on to better opportunities. One of the hardest was a beautiful idea to create carbon-neutral fuel from seawater. It worked, but not at a realistic cost.
#7 Create fearless teams of chaos pilots. The lone inventor having a eureka moment is largely a myth; innovation comes from great teams. This doesn’t mean innovation by committee or consensus. X deliberately assembles teams from a wide range of backgrounds, cultures, and communities, so we can generate more creative ideas and ask hard questions. Former rocket scientists work alongside concert pianists and puppeteers, and marine biologists mingle with physicists and machine learning experts.
10 years into X, many companies and products have emerged that carry the X DNA, including successful “graduate” businesses including:
Waymo … transforming mobility with self-driving cars
Every year 1.25 million people around the world die from car accidents. Of these accidents, an estimated 94% are caused by human error. A common culprit? Human inattention, made worse in recent years by the rise of mobile devices.
This begs the question: what if cars could drive themselves safely from point A to point B? X was home to the Google Self-Driving Car project, which had the goal of developing technology that could transform mobility for millions of people, whether by reducing road deaths caused by human error, reclaiming the billions of hours wasted in traffic, or bringing everyday destinations within reach for those unable to drive. In 2016, the project graduated from X to become Waymo.
In December 2016, with over two million miles of self-driving experience on the roads — the equivalent of 300 years of human driving — the Self-Driving Car project graduated from X. Today it’s Waymo, a self-driving technology company with a clear mission: to make it safe and easy for people and things to move around. Waymo’s first public trial is currently underway in Phoenix, AZ where the team continues to deliver on their quest to improve road safety and mobility for everyone.
Loon … expanding Internet connectivity with stratospheric balloons
The Internet has transformed the way the world communicates, does business, learns, governs, and exchanges ideas, but not everyone can harness the benefits and advantages it provides. Right now, billions of people across the globe still do not have Internet access. They are completely left out of a digital revolution that could improve their finances, education, and health.
Project Loon is a radical approach to expanding Internet connectivity. Instead of trying to extend the Internet from the ground, Loon takes to the sky via a network of balloons, traveling along the edge of space, to expand Internet connectivity to rural areas, fill coverage gaps, and improve network resilience in the event of a disaster.
Loon has delivered connectivity to communities where the communications infrastructure has been damaged or wiped out. Loon partnered with Telefonica over many months in 2017 to provide basic Internet connectivity to tens of thousands of people across Peru who were displaced due to extreme rains and flooding. The Loon team also worked closely with AT&T and T-Mobile to bring the Internet to more than 200,00 people in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria made landfall.
Verily … inventing new technologies and services to help people live healthier lives
Starting in 2012, X invested in several projects that had the potential to transform the detection, prevention, and management of disease. They were inspired by a common insight: technological advances like machine learning, the miniaturization of sensors, and wearable devices were likely to lead to innovations that could someday help health professionals be more proactive in their treatment of disease. Originally known as Google Life Sciences, this collection of projects ultimately graduated from X in 2015 to become the Alphabet company Verily Life Sciences.
The team at Verily wants to help address some of the most daunting challenges in healthcare. They combine expertise in science, engineering, and medicine with a startup spirit, and they collaborate closely with partners across the healthcare and life sciences industries who are as eager as they are to challenge convention and relentlessly pursue fresh breakthroughs against common diseases and other global health problems.
Glass … helping people work faster and safer with smart glasses
Workers with hands-on jobs often have to look away from what they’re doing to access information. This shifting of focus is time consuming and can also create distractions that lead to mistakes. Manufacturing and field workers, for example, often have to step away from the work at hand to consult manuals or guides while fixing machinery, and doctors often have to divert their attention from patients to transcribe notes or look up records.
Glass Enterprise Edition is a hands-free, wearable computing device that intuitively fits into the user’s workflow to help them remain engaged and focused on their work. Glass can easily clip onto glasses or safety shields and puts a display in the upper right corner of a user’s field of view to allow them to focus on their work, while simultaneously connect to a deeper world of information.
From giving hands-on workers information where and when they need it to providing extra expertise with a “you-see-what-I-see” video feature, Glass is helping many businesses work better, safer, faster. After two years of development at the moonshot factory the Glass team moved from X back to Google to scale their efforts and make the newest version of their device available to hands on workers everywhere.
Malta … storing renewable energy in molten salt
Wind and solar power are abundant, clean, and increasingly inexpensive energy sources. However, they’re not always available when the demand for power is greatest.
If wind and solar farms are producing more energy than the electric grid needs, the energy goes to waste. In California, up to 30% of solar energy cannot be used when it’s produced. Worse, if electricity demand spikes during periods when the sun isn’t shining or the wind isn’t blowing, utilities will often fire up “peaker plants” to bring extra power online quickly. These are usually powered by fossil fuels and emit large amounts of CO2 relative to ordinary power plants.
Malta is building a grid-scale energy storage technology that stores electricity from renewable energy sources as heat inside large tanks of high temperature molten salt and as cold in large tanks of chilled liquid. The system can discharge electricity back to the grid when energy demand is high – effectively “time shifting” energy from when it’s produced to when it’s most needed.
Malta, Inc is now an independent company. It plans to build and sell industrial-grade, grid-scale energy storage solutions that can be located anywhere in the world. These storage solutions will collect and store large quantities of energy to dispatch quickly as electricity on demand. The team will develop a megawatt-scale pilot plant to prove the technology at commercial scale, and are working with partners that have the expertise to help them build, operate and connect a pilot to the grid.
Dandelion … reducing heating costs and carbon emissions with geothermal energy
In the U.S., buildings account for 39% of all carbon emissions, with the majority of these emissions coming from the combustion of fossil fuels for heating and cooling. In the Northeast of the country, heating and cooling is particularly carbon-intensive due to the high use of fuel oil and propane gas during the cold months. Use of these conventional fuels also has an unfortunate side effect for homeowners — they feel the financial hit if fuel prices rise during a long cold winter.
Dandelion seeks to make it easier and more affordable to heat and cool homes with a clean, free, abundant, and renewable resource: geothermal energy. Dandelion uses high-performance equipment and a proprietary, low-cost installation process that allows homeowners to save money and help the environment by moving away from conventional heating and cooling methods.
After two years of utilizing X’s prototyping techniques and labs to help develop the drilling technology, Dandelion graduated to become an independent company. Dandelion offers high-performance equipment and a proprietary, low-cost installation process that allow homeowners to save money by switching away from conventional heating fuels. The team is currently signing up customers in New York state and is excited to advance geothermal energy as a clean and abundant choice that can help the planet.
Astro Teller wrote a great blog post “Inside Our Moonshot Factory” in 2016:
Ever since we started as Google[x] in 2010, X has had a single mission: to invent and launch “moonshot” technologies that we hope could someday make the world a radically better place. We developed a simple blueprint to help us find ideas that could deliver 10x impact, not just incremental improvement over the status quo: an X project must solve a problem that affects millions or billions of people; it has to have an audacious, sci-fi sounding technology; and there has to be at least a glimmer of hope that it’s actually achievable in the next 5–10 years.
Over the years, we’ve gotten better at finding and developing moonshots that satisfy these criteria, and we’ve learned a lot along the way. What makes this really difficult is that innovation is a delicate thing. You can’t over-process it; you have to respect weird creativity and serendipitous discovery. But if someday you’re going to harvest the fruits of that innovation in the form of revenue and profits, you need to find just the right amount of structure. That’s why we’re trying to build X into a “moonshot factory”.
At X, we’re trying to do much more than just research dazzling new tools and scientific approaches. We’re trying to create the processes and culture that will help us systematize innovation. (We’re not the first to try this, of course; we can trace our inspiration at least as far back as Thomas Edison.) We hope to find repeatable methods for delivering real impact to the world, by developing technology products that provide the foundations of large, sustainable new businesses.
What I’ll share today are some of the factory processes we’ve developed over the years to keep ourselves in the sweet spot between high-risk/idealistic (where most research lives), and safe-bet/pragmatic (where most big companies live).
Responsibly irresponsible
We embrace failure as a powerful tool for learning and, counter-intuitively, making progress; this is one of our most important values. Now, you might be a bit concerned about someone sitting in the CEO chair telling you they’re setting out to fail most of the time. But to make progress toward any audacious idea, you have to make mistakes — you have to seek out frequent, messy, instructive failure that shows you what to do (or not do) next. You can read more in my SXSW talk here and my TED talk here about how this philosophy shapes X’s technology development, and in this post I’ll explore it in the context of our organizational processes.
In short, we try to steer X to be “responsibly irresponsible” as we develop new products. We couple radical, 10x thinking that throws previous conventions to the wind with the discipline to identify risks early, learn cheaply and quickly what’s wrong with our ideas, and face brutal honesty about where we’re succeeding and where we’re not. We now have a system that fuels our optimism while grounding us — just enough — in reality.
Finding people who fall in love with problems
At X, we love new technologies. But technology is the tool, not the end game. If we catch ourselves spending a lot of time refining a new technology and saying, “This could be great for lots of things…someday” without an idea of how to make it so, that’s usually a bad sign. Instead, we want to fall in love with a problem, and aim to understand it so deeply that it becomes easier to find fresh new approaches.
Fall in love with the problem, not the solution.
We seek people who are “T-shaped”: they have enormous intellectual flexibility with deep expertise in a particular field, and they can also collaborate easily across diverse domains. (Here’s more about our T-shaped team.) These are the kinds of people who love problems and joyfully apply techniques from one arena to another, like bringing the science of Doritos bags, condoms, and sausage casing to preventing Loon balloons from leaking.
While each moonshot has a core team, we try to keep that team as small as possible, and supplement them with people from a permanent roster of in-house experts, many of whom specialize in helping moonshots make contact with the real world so they can learn as quickly as possible what physics and public opinion have to teach them. This includes things like mechanical engineering, user experience research and design, and public policy. We have a Design Kitchen and several hardware labs that teams can tap for design sprints, rapid prototyping, and failure analysis. These centralized resources make it easy for us to shift people around and quickly help teams of five act like teams of fifty. This also helps us pass along hard-won wisdom and factory lore, while giving us maximum flexibility for when projects fail or go into a reset-and-rebuild mode.
Thinking about X as a portfolio
Being a “corporate lab” is a difficult balancing act: place big bets on the future, but don’t spook the people giving you the money. As an Other Bet (one of the Alphabet divisions that’s not Google), we want to be good stewards of the resources invested here and deliver a good return so that we’re trusted to keep the factory open for years to come.
We look for opportunities to balance X’s overall portfolio sensibly, and aim for diversity: a mix of hardware and software, a mix of industries and problems, a mix of ideas that will take more (closer to 10 years) or less (closer to 5 years) time to have an impact. We have clear budgets and limitations; we can aspire to creating significant growth for Alphabet without significantly growing ourselves.
People often ask us how many projects live at X, and the answer is that it moves around and depends on how you count. We have hundreds of ideas that last for a few hours, dozens for a few weeks, handfuls for months. That’s the nature of moonshot-taking: we weed out ideas as we learn more about the size of their potential or their risk. So the number of explorations under our roof will vary at any given time.
Moving through the factory
We now have a clear process for how ideas move through the factory. They start with our Rapid Evaluation (aka “Rapid Eval”) team, where we investigate the seedlings of technology and science breakthroughs that might offer the core ingredients and inspiration for a moonshot.
There are two stages of Rapid Eval investigations. In the first stage, investigators get a few weeks and a few thousand dollars to try to understand a nascent moonshot’s biggest risks; this kills many dozens of ideas quickly. The second stage is “Extended Investigations.” A couple of team members are given a few months and a bit more money to build prototypes, running at the hardest and riskiest parts of the technology to deeply understand the problem they’re trying to solve. As they build their technology prototypes, they must also build a solid techno-economic analysis that proves this idea could survive in the real world as a large business with a real market and real applications. By design, only a handful of ideas survive this process.
Then — and this is a new stage developed in the summer of 2015 and led by Obi Felten — we have the X Foundry. We developed Foundry because an idea that’s only a few months old may still carry a lot of risk, including risks that we don’t fully understand yet. So we wanted to create a special environment that lasts about a year or so where we could keep teams small and nimble (usually with less than 10 people, and often fewer than five) and focused on the riskiest elements. In this stage we want to learn that an idea can eventually be turned into a product and business, or that it can’t. We look to develop confidence that it can exist comfortably in the real world — not in a rosy vision of how the world should be, but in a reality-tested plan that can make money in a reasonable amount of time.
We expect Foundry to have a handful of projects at any one time. We generally expect that half of the projects will be killed, and half will survive. We might send some back to the Rapid Eval team for re-imagining. And if we decide a product has the potential to become a large business soon, we hire a general manager and set it up as an fully-fledged X project like Project Wing and Project Loon are today.
Actively killing our ideas
One of our most valuable cultural habits is our willingness to kill our ideas. We’ve always conditioned Xers to run at their hardest problems and biggest risks first, and as I wrote earlier this year, we’ve developed a number of techniques for making people feel psychologically safe even as they declare that something’s not working and they want to walk away. This ensures we don’t end up with a roster of wasteful projects, and we quickly can move on to new ideas that are more likely to turn into successful moonshot businesses.
Our teams start each day assuming failure is the norm, and we manage moonshots-in-progress on that basis. For example, we don’t just hand out more resources when teams show us that they’re doing well. It’s very easy to work on simple stuff and show some progress, but that doesn’t teach you the hard things that you need to understand deeply to solve the problem in the long run. So we ask teams at X to identify their biggest risks, and we make those into the team’s milestones; knocking down a major risk will unlock more budget or permission to grow the team a little. For example, an early milestone for the Loon team, which is developing balloon-powered Internet, was to have balloons that could last for three months. They’ve achieved that, so now one of their milestones is to lower the total cost of the balloons.
Our teams start each day assuming failure is the norm, and we manage moonshots-in-progress on that basis.
Kill signals are another one of our important tools. These are metrics that a team agrees on when the project starts, which, if you reach them (or in many cases, fail to reach them in a certain timeframe), indicate that, “We should walk away from this project now.” This makes it easy for teams to remain intellectually honest and make tough decisions when they’re faced with difficult results. A recent investigation we called Foghorn proved the value of having kill signals.
Foghorn had the potential to dramatically cut greenhouse gases from transportation and slow the warming of the planet: we produced carbon-neutral fuel out of plain old seawater. Amazing! But awesome tech has to be possible at a reasonable cost. We stared at the techno-economic analysis we’d developed: we couldn’t see how this technique could produce fuel in the next 5–10 years at a cost that’s competitive with gasoline at the pump. Our optimistic selves started to make excuses: “A breakthrough could be just around the corner!” “Isn’t persistence the key to any great innovation?” But the team’s pragmatism kicked in: they couldn’t deny that they’d hit their kill signals, so they made the decision to shelve their work.
Graduating moonshots from the factory
X is designed to be a protected space for long-term thinking, prototyping, and de-risking. Our strength is building the bridge from idea to proven concept. We’ve gotten good at pushing forward things people think are crazy to the point of feasible product prototype. For example, self-driving cars have hit the tipping point of “not if but when,” we licensed our smart contact lens to Novartis, and we moved Google Brain from academic idea to ready for commercial use, and it now powers many Google products.
Once a team is ready to polish products or scale operations, they’re ready to graduate from X. All of our life sciences projects became Alphabet company Verily in 2015. The Genie team, which developed smart software for designing green buildings, blazed a graduation path to the outside world: they’re now the independent venture-funded startup Flux.io. We also graduate early-stage teams as we see that they can bring a lot of value to another part of Alphabet. That’s why Tango, Insight, GCam, Watch, Glass, and Google Brain, among others, graduated to Google. We celebrate these graduations with mortarboards and diplomas, and then put X’s resources back to work on other moonshot ideas. On the whole, our X graduates have had a high survival rate, which means we’re doing a good job of de-risking (and killing) ideas while they’re here.
The world needs more moonshots
We’re by no means done with our factory, but we think it’s working pretty well so far. At six years in, I’m a firm believer that it’s possible to make progress against previously intractable problems by being committed over the long term, and committed to finding answers that are 10x better, not 10% better. I believe it’s possible to manage long-term bets responsibly by creating a culture where people cheerfully run at the hardest things first, kill their work, and head back to the drawing board to find the next great idea. I hope we can continue to get enough right at X that we inspire other people to try for radical new approaches to the problems they care about most. From climate change to transportation, from protecting our oceans and forests to improving access to food and water, there’s no shortage of problems in the world: what we need is more moonshots.